Tiny Brittle Stars from the Indian Ocean Show Diversity and Details!

                                     

This week..I am still catching up from the Echinoderm meeting in Brussels, Belgium but as luck would have it my colleague and brittle star researcher Sabine Stöhr at the Swedish Museum of Natural History was generous enough to share some images from her new paper "Brittle Stars from Seamounts in the Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean); first account with descriptions of new species" co-authored with Sabyasachi Sautya and Baban Ingole from the National Institute of Oceanography in Goa, India. The link to this paper is here. in the Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.

Stöhr and her colleagues describe brittle stars collected from seamounts in the Indian Ocean (the Andaman Back-Arc basin), which for anyone in this business-is pretty exotic.  

Brittle stars have never been collected from Indian Ocean seamounts and so there is ever the potential for new and interesting species! (or at least further encounters with known ones!)

Six species were identified, including this weird little fellow.. Astrophiura, a species close to Astrophiura tiki. (from 517-671 meters deep).

These are odd little (disk diameter= 6.4 millimeters!) brittle stars that are superficially similar to some deep-sea starfish, such as caymanostellids. I've  shown both these starfish and Astrophiura on the Echinoblog before (here). 

Figure 6 from Stohr et al., 2012

Note the oral surface in the lower picture?  See those 2 paired ball-like things between each radius? Those are gonads! How many times do you get to see that in an ophiuroid??  Its not every day I'll tell ya' that!

Stöhr also described some NEW species from these seamounts at fairly deep-depths (about 373-671 meters)

Pics below show the top surface of the disk which is quite small (2 to 5 millimeter diameter!)

That includes this very rarely encountered genus Ophioleuce, new species Ophioleuce longispinum

For you folks who like to know where scientific names come from- Do ya' see those long spines coming off the arm bases?  Illustrated below..   THAT is where the species "longispinum" which is latin for "Long Spine" comes from...

Figure 2 from Stohr et al. 

Sabine and her colleagues use a Scanning Electron Microscope (aka an SEM) to show a variety of features, including useful skeletal morphology such as the individual arm skeleton (called the arm vertebrae) such as this one to help diagnose this new species..

From Figure 3, Stohr et al. 

Another new species, included this one:  Ophiophyllum minimum was described.  The species "minimum" was named for the very small size of this species (about 1-2.5 millimeters in diameter!)..   shown here via Scanning Electron Microscope...

Figure 4 from Stohr et al.

We often miss a LOT of details when we aren't paying attention to small critters.  That's why the SEM can be so useful. They bring an almost surreal quality to the level of detail present!

Here is a series of close ups of the disk on this species...

and closer!!   The primary disk plates are arranged in a stunning pattern..

This species was also described using a variety of neat skeletal features that look like they were taken out of orbit from an asteroid field!

Figure 5 from Stohr et al. 

The discovery of these species is merely the BEGINNING of a more long-term period of exploration as Stohr and her colleagues ask more questions resulting from the discovery of these species:

• Are these evidence of endemism of these species on seamounts?  (i.e., do they occur ONLY on these special habitats?)
• Are they rare or rarely encountered?  Do these reflect uniqueness of the habitat or merely that they have not been collected very often? 
• Could the morphology of these species suggest an broad overall ecological morphology to living in this unique setting (on the seamount)?
• How will further specimens inform us about the growth and the evolution of other brittle stars?

 Stay tuned and hopefully we will be able to present more from echinoderms collected from the Indo-Pacific deeps! 

The Haunting "Faces" (well...disks!) of Ophiurid Brittle Stars!

A couple of weeks ago, I introduced you to some festive, neat looking brittle stars from the tropics-mostly from the genus Ophiolepis!

Weird Antarctic Brittle Star love can be found here!

Well, I am STILL on that ophiuroid kick and wanted to show you guys even MORE of the strange and wonderous beauty of brittle stars. Except, today, I thought I'd show you some from the deep-sea!

These are all members of the family Ophiuridae, one of the world's most diverse groups that occur all over the world, but particularly well represented in the deep-sea (>200 meters) with many more new species likely to be discovered.

Most of the ones shown below belong to the genus Amphiophiura which is distributed throughout the world...but down at the bottom you'll see one of the more... UNUSUAL brittle stars that most people would ordinarily never get to see!

What's important to realize about most of these species is that, aside from the fact that we know they exist-we know almost NOTHING ABOUT THEM.

But they are interesting-and frankly, not everyone gets to see them like this-so I thought it fun to show the world! Plus, with Halloween just around the corner..I thought some weird echinoderms would add to the overall ambience!

So here's
Amphiophiura insolita (=Ophiura monaria) from Hawaii. The disk is about the size of a dime.
Amphiophiura pomphophora (from Japan-the Albatross Collection)
Amphiophiura coronata from the Caribbean (Puerto Rico!). Weird how the primary disk plates form that sort of pentagonal pattern on the center! Also, note how small it is-that's a penny in the background for scale!
When these are found, they can be abundant...but not much is known about them..

Amphiophiura bullata convexa from the North Atlantic
The animal's disk is strikingly dome-shaped and kinda looks like a soccer ball...

Amphiophiura superba (from Baja California, Mexico-the Albatross Collection). These can be quite thick and are surprisingly large. Sometimes, its hard to believe they are alive!
Stegophiura sterea from Japan!
And just for kicks.. what does the MOUTH and/or oral surface look like? Here ya' go!
and one of the strangest...a brittle star that LOOKS like a starfish... I give you..
Astrophiura marionae from off the Channel Islands in California!!
But other species in this genus are found all over the world.. Go here to see which ones!!Astrophiura is a weird beast and is unusual in that it displays a convergent/parallel/analogous appearance shared with the weird deep-sea starfish which are members of the Caymanostellidae.

A species of which was recently found by the recent California Academy of Sciences Expedition to the Philippines.
Some of the best echinoderms are the tiniest ones!
Until Next Time-Stay Outta Trouble!