Antarctic Echinoderms:Canary in a Coal Mine for Ocean Acidification?

This week a 2011 vol. 119(5): 457-466 paper  from the Journal of Geology by Antarctic biologist James McClintock, my colleagues at the University of Alabama (M. Amsler, R. Angus, R.C. Challener, J.B. Schram, C.D. Amsler), myself and colleagues at the University of South Florida (J. Cuce and B. Baker).

Our paper addresses how Antarctic echinoderms but specifically sea stars (=starfish) and brittle stars are likely to be vulnerable as the climate changes, creating a more acidic ocean environment.

Here is a quick video that nicely summarizes the broader phenomena of Ocean Acidification (abbreviated OA)

But here is where we add further details-the acidification? affects different kinds of calcium carbonate (the material which composes shells, coral skeletons, etc.) differently...

Most of the shells and skeletons that you read about in the news are usually made either out of different forms of calcium carbonate-either aragonite (wikipedia has a nice summary here) or calcite. Aragonite is usually what's seen as associated with shells, skeletons, etc..

But, of course, echinoderms being echinoderms have something a little different going on... Echinoderms have skeletons with a high concentration of magnesium (Mg).

Their skeletons are composed of Mg-calcite (magnesium calcite)

One can see many recent stories about how aragonite in shells is easily dissolved by ocean acidification.

Mg-calcite is even MORE soluble (and more vulnerable) than aragonite!

Looking at Mg-calcite in Antarctic Echinoderms

McClintock and his team sampled some 26 species of echinoderms, representing all 5 living classes (sea stars, brittle stars, crinoids, sea urchins, sea cucumbers) and analyzed them for % composition of Mg calcite. 

The sampled specimens showed that skeletal components in Anatarctic echinoderms met the defined standards for "high-Mg-calcite species" (MORE than 4% Mg-calcite by mol%)

Of all the echinoderms? Which had the HIGHEST amount of Mg-calcite by % weight??
Several species of Starfish!

I would note that ophiuroids were not heavily sampled-below but in all liklihood they are just as if not more important here..

Specfically, this very widespread species, Porania antarctica  dsplayed among the HIGHEST % weight of Mg-Calcite

Photo by Dirk Shories at this site.

In the above image-the animal looks quite fleshy but in a dried one below..you can see there's actually quite a bit going on...

And here are some rather large Macroptychaster in a pic seen around the world..but you can see how big they get. The % of Mg-calcite is quite high in this and many other Antarctic asteroid species...

                                      

One major conclusion: Antarctic echinoderms-especially sea stars (starfish) have high amounts (in terms of % of total weight) of Mg-calcite in their skeletons.  

Mg-calcite is more inclined to dissolve as a result from OA and therefore makes them highly vulnerable to dissolution!
This total amount of Mg-calcite was compared relative to OTHER %of Wt. values across different latitudes (0=equator, higher = closer to Antarctica)

Note the datapoints indicated by the RED ARROW. Those are the data from Antarctic taxa.

There's a global pattern that shows that those echinoderms close to the tropics have, by weight, the greatest % of Mg-calcite.  This makes sense when you think about how heavily calcified tropical starfish are (such as this Protoreaster nodosus)

So, if tropical echinoderms have the greatest % of Mg-calcite by weight, why are we worried the MOST about POLAR species???

An excellent question.  Here are some answers.

1.  Temperature is an important part of the "calcium carbonate in sea water" ocean chemistry dynamic. Cold water settings, such as the Arctic and the Antarctic have shown the most dramatic decreases in the amount of calcium carbonate available for shell/skeleton building as ocean acidification increases.  This has been shown most recently in pteropod mollusks (click here for ref)

2. Mg-calcite is most vulnerable to dissolution. A study on coralline algae (that's algae which builds a skeleton for itself using the mineral Mg-calcite) showed that when 8-12% by wt. of a calcite skeleton is composed of Mg-calcite it becomes HIGHLY soluble.. Look above at the Table 2 from the paper most sea stars have 9 to 10% by wt. Mg-calcite skeletons!

3. Echinoderms are a dominant force in the Antarctic. They have HUGE biomass. In other words there's a LOT of them and they're important to the global carbon cycle.  Notice the large numbers of sea stars in the video below...That is a lot of Mg-calcite...

Thus, Antarctic species may not have the highest % of Mg-calcite across the full "band" of possibilities but they are among the MOST vulnerable.

So-all this leads to an important realization:  

Echinoderms, probably sea stars, will probably be an important, I daresay, critical indicator of  which faunas will be affected as climate change continues and  ocean acidification creates a more acidic ocean environment.  

This could affect the larval development, the physiology or the ecology of these species. Its also important to realize that echinoderms have an endoskeleton as opposed to a shell which is what you see in other studied taxa...  MUCH more remains to be studied. 

Its also interesting to note the prior extinctions of echinoderms and other echinoderms from Antarctica as I've mentioned here , possibly during the Eocene glaciation event.

Kids and Folk Singin' About Echinoderms!

Across the world there's all sorts of people tasked with learning some of the basic important lessons in zoology.. among them, What are echinoderms?

Students and educators alike have invoked their MOST creative potential to bring you these incredible SONGS ABOUT ECHINODERMS!!

and frankly, they ROCK! Go check em' out!

Echinoderms to Justin Bieber's "Baby"

Dr. Dre and ECHINODERMS?? Check it out!

Three young talents from USC...


The Echinoderm Song! (with lyrics!)


And finally, this pretty cool animation/puppet show...

Ye Olde Haeckelian Phylogeny-Brisingids Rule!

So, the other day, was looking through one of my favorite older monographs "On Some Remarkable Forms of Animal Life...Researches on the Structure and Affinity of the Genus Brisinga" by George Ossian Sars, Professor of Zoology at the University of Christiania and came upon this cool older idea of Echinoderm Phylogeny: The phylogeny recounts some very early and....unusual...ideas about metazoan relationships originally developed by Ernst Haeckel and modified by Sars. The monograph was published in 1875. Darwin's ideas on evolution had only been around since 1859.

This particular monograph emphasized brisingids, which look sorta like a cross between a "normal" looking starfish and a brittle star:
but what was NEAT and weird about Sars take on this animal's history? The fundamentals of this phylogenetic idea was that the Echinodermata were formed by "Colony Forming Vermes" which was another way of saying "Let's take 5 of these" and turn them into something kinda like this: But Sars hypothesized that brisingids were essentially a separate and independent "step" between these "colony forming vermes" and starfish and other echinoderms...essentially a missing link to ALL echinoderm diversification!! And that seems kinda reasonable (in a naive way)..when you look at it...

I could easily see how this could be "spun" this into the ancestor of crinoids, ophiuroids, and asteroids+echinoids+holothuroids!

The general gist of the phylogeny from there is that echinoderms were given towards greater "concrescense" or centralization...So from independent worms coalescing to bigger, lumpier things. So holothurians or sea cucumbers would be chief evidence of "concrescence"..especially with something like the armored and essentially sessile Psolus, which was seemingly even LESS pentameral than other cucumbers.